What is an Engineering? History and Origin.

An Engineering is a word derived from the Latin word \”Ingenium\” that means cleverness and \”Ingeniare\” means to contrive or devise. The word engineering derived from a combination of two Latin words which contains a large context in short. It simply means that create or make things cleverly or wisely. On the other hand, it is the way of getting things done scientifically and procedurally.

           \”The study and application of scientific principles in practice to design and build machines and structures are called an Engineering.\”

As we know for building machines and structures, we need to use various scientific principles from various branches of science like physics, mechanics, chemistry, and many more.

            The first engineer was the builder of the pyramid known by name and achievements is Imhotep. Imhotep builds the Step Pyramid at Saggrrah Egypt, probably about 2550 BCE. His successor from Egypt, Persia, Greek, and Rome, carried civil engineering to remarkable heights. They used arithmetic, geometry, and smelting of physical science.

•  The Pharos ( Lighthouse) Alexandra.
•  Solomon\’s Temple in Jerusalem. 
•  The Colosseum in Rome.
•  The Persian and Roman road structure.
•  The Pont du Gard Aqueduct in France.

         Many treaties are written in that era to provide a picture of engineering education and practice in the Classical Times.

Vitruvius De Architectura is a 10 Volume work published in Rome in the first century CE, which covers building materials, construction methods, hydraulics, measurement, and town planning.

          Medieval European engineers carried technique in the form of the Gothic Arch and Flying Buttress. The heights of these are really unknown to Roman\’s.

French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a wide knowledge of mathematics, geometry, natural and physical science, and draftsmanship in his sketchbook in the 13th century.

          In Asia, the Mogal Empire is one of the best examples of construction with sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy, helping to create an advanced civilization. Large and beautiful cities of the Mogal Empire impressed Marco Polo in the 13th century.

Mechanical Engineering comes into existence as a separate field throughout the European Industrial Revolution in the 18th century  England and Scotland were the birthplaces of Mechanical Engineering. The development of the British machine-tool-industry gave tremendous impetus to the study of Mechanical Engineering both in Britain and abroad.  Its growth could be traveling back a few thousand years around the world.  The field has continually developed in areas like composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology.

1. Aerospace Engineering.
2. Metallurgical Engineering.
3. Civil Engineering.
4. Electrical Engineering.
5. Manufacturing Engineering.
6. Chemical Engineering.
7. Industrial Engineering. 
8. Biomechanics Engineering.
9. Biotechnology Engineering.
10. Biomechatronics Engineering.

          It comes into existence as a separate field in the 18th century. In the 18th century, professional schools and societies were found. From 19th century Civil Engineers built structure of all kinds, water supply, and scientific system laid to railroad and highway network and planned cities.

          The original  Electric Cell invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta\’s. Michael Faraday and others experimented on electrical cells in 1872 in Gramme Dynamo and electric motor. The growth and knowledge of electrical and electronics engineering started from that point. in the late 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell from Britain and Heinrich Hertz of Germany invented in this field. In the early 20th century development of Vacuum Tube by Lee De Forest brings major advances in  Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The invention of the Transistor takes place in the mid-20th century. In late 20th century electrical and electronics engineering outnumbered all others in the world.

           Chemical Engineering grew in the 19th century and used in chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textile, and many other areas. The mass production of chemicals for various industrial applications takes place in 1880.